Besides the presidents of the United States who have a PhD, there are also some presidents who have a Master’s degree or a Bachelor’s degree. These presidents include: Woodrow Wilson, Andrew Johnson, Franklin Pierce, Harry Truman, and Herbert Hoover.
Woodrow Wilson
During Woodrow Wilson’s term as president, he set forth a series of progressive reforms. These included the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Federal Farm Loan Act, and the Clayton Antitrust Act.
During the wartime period, Wilson made use of executive authority to segregate the federal government. He also changed tariffs to reduce the cost of living for consumers. In addition, he re-segregated the Treasury, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and the Interior Department. He also made Puerto Ricans citizens of the United States.
In his first term, Wilson attempted to remain neutral in the European war. He did not include prominent Republicans on the Versailles negotiation team, which resulted in the weakened League of Nations. However, the Senate leaders refused to ratify the Versailles treaty after the midterm elections in 1918.
During his second term, Wilson moved toward addressing race relations. He made Puerto Ricans American citizens, and he promised independence to the Philippines. However, he failed to achieve the ideal peace.
He continued to reduce the percentage of African Americans in the federal workforce. He also prohibited unfair business practices. He established the Federal Trade Commission and the Internal Revenue Service.
The Federal Reserve Act was Wilson’s greatest achievement during his tenure as president. It provided a more elastic money supply and strengthened existing laws against anticompetitive business practices.
In his first term, Wilson also pushed for the establishment of an Internal Revenue Service. He also re-segregated the Post Office, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the Treasury, and many federal agencies. In addition, he checked fraudulent advertising and provided the public with protection against the trust exploitation of corporations. He also prohibited child labor, enforced the Federal income tax, and established a graduated federal income tax.
Franklin Pierce
During the American Civil War, Franklin Pierce served as President. Although he was 47 years old when he was elected, he served a full term. He was the 14th President of the United States. His administration was notable for his support of sectional unity, the end of the slave trade in Washington, D.C., and enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act. His cabinet was filled with extremists from both sides of the slavery debate.
In 1836, Franklin Pierce became the Speaker of the New Hampshire legislature. Two years later, he was elected President. However, he was not a legal expert. He attended law school briefly. He had deep ties to the anti-slavery movement in New Hampshire. He personally disdained slavery. He also opposed the abolition of slavery in the existing states. He was offended by the labeling of abolitionists as sinners.
Franklin Pierce had a hand in the Compromise of 1850. This included the admission of California as a free state, and the end of the slave trade in Washington, DC. However, it was repealed by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. This led to a period of violent conflict in Kansas Territory.
When the Civil War began, Franklin Pierce was unable to avert the war. He was a staunch supporter of Andrew Jackson. However, he was criticized for his apparent alcoholism. He was a heavy drinker and cast doubt on the mail-in ballots. He narrowly escaped an injury when his hat was shot off.
He remained in the field until 9 p.m. He was a man of great charisma, though. He tried to resolve the conflict between the North and the South.
Franklin Pierce hoped to make the government more efficient and accountable. He also expanded the role of the Attorney General. He appointed federal attorneys.
Andrew Johnson
Having a PhD does not mean that Andrew Johnson was more effective as president than his counterparts. Instead, he was more effective at using his power to make important decisions.
Andrew Johnson lacked the political acumen of President Lincoln, but he was more than competent in other areas. He was a skilled stump speaker and an avid debater. He also believed in the wisdom of the people.
As president, Andrew Johnson faced the task of ending the Civil War. He instructed governors to call constitutional conventions to abolish slavery and elect new officials. He also ordered the governors to rescind secession ordinances.
Andrew Johnson is a great chief executive. He had the wit to ask Congress for a copy of the Constitution so that he could study it. He also organized the administration. He believed in the concept of strict Constitutional constructionism. He believed in the merits of the homestead bill. He also believed in the importance of the American flag.
He was also a great tailor. He had a knack for making garments and he was very talented in speech. However, he lacked the political acumen of President Roosevelt or President Lincoln. Despite his accomplishments, his career was cut short. He died suddenly on July 31, 1875. His body was buried with his family in a fenced area.
His most important legacy is his monument. The monument is located at Raleigh, North Carolina. It was dedicated to Andrew Johnson’s memory. It consists of a bronze statue and a bronze plaque. The plaque is engraved with the words “Andrew Johnson: America’s Greatest Chief Executive”.
Despite his successes, Andrew Johnson faced challenges. His temperament may have contributed to his failures. He also had to work with Radical Republicans in Congress. The Republicans were unimpressed with his actions after the death of President Lincoln. The Republicans wanted him removed.
Herbert Hoover
During his lifetime, Herbert Clark Hoover became one of the most famous and powerful men in the world. He served as President of the United States from 1929 to 1933. He was an economist, an engineer and a humanitarian. He became well known for his relief work in Belgium, which was devastated by the First World War.
Herbert Hoover was born in West Branch, Iowa. He died in New York City in 1964 at age 90. He is buried next to his wife Lou Henry Hoover, who died in 1944.
After graduating from Stanford University, Herbert Hoover became a successful mining engineer. He opened offices throughout the world. He was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering from Dr. John A. Ross Jr., president of Clarkson College of Technology. He became a wealthy man and became known as “The Great Engineer”.
Herbert Hoover was the last surviving member of the Harding and Coolidge cabinet. He was appointed Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s. He also served as the head of the Food Administration during World War I. He worked to decrease the labor losses from trade disputes and promoted the efficiency of business operations.
Hoover’s efforts to aid starving Belgians during World War I resulted in the creation of the Commission for Relief in Belgium. He also encouraged Americans to consume less meat. He supported programs of repatriation to Mexico. He also promoted disarmament negotiations in the London Naval Conference in 1930.
By the end of his administration, the expenditures for American Indian health care had doubled. He also expanded educational opportunities for prisoners. He financed American films to be exported abroad. He also promoted the elimination of waste.
Harry Truman
Unlike many presidents, Harry Truman never earned a bachelor’s degree. He attended the Kansas City School of Law for two years and did not earn a law degree. He worked as a bank clerk, a railroad timekeeper, and as a payroll clerk for a construction company.
Harry Truman’s lack of college education did not deter him from achieving his goals. He became involved with the Community Savings and Loan in Englewood and sold memberships in the Kansas City Automobile Club. He also made contact with Tom Pendergast’s nephew, Jim Pendergast.
Truman also made an effort to bring together city leaders from across the state. He believed that a strong Constitution would prevent demagogues from taking power. He argued that nationalism had little effect on politics. He also believed that civil rights were a moral issue.
He was also interested in the history of American civilization. He admired George Washington and Robert E. Lee. He also noted that many great men were heroes after defeat or death. He believed that human nature had not changed. He believed that men on both sides were only trying to protect property.
Harry Truman was a prolific reader. He claimed to have read all of the volumes in the Independence Library by the time he was fourteen. He wrote his autobiography while he was serving as judge of Jackson County. He was also a guest speaker at Columbia University. He also participated in a road show at the Orpheum. He also wrapped newspapers in August 1902.
In the late 1930s, Truman was involved with a group called the Pendergast machine. It included Catholics, Jews, and other minorities. It also included Tom Pendergast, who was convicted of income tax evasion in 1939.
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